Metrius contractus on a leaf feeding. Image taken by and used with permission from Sarah Crews.

Works Cited

Agosta, W. 1996. Bombardier beetles and fever trees: a close-up look at chemical warfare and signals in animals and plants. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, USA.

Animal Diversity Web. 2012 . <URL: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Brachinus_fumans/>.  Accessed 6 November 2013.

Beheshti, N. and A.C. McIntosh. 2007. A biomimetic study of the explosive discharge of the bombardier beetle. Int. Journal of Design & Nature  1:61-69.

Beheshti, N. and A. C. McIntosh. 2008. Novel spray system inspired by the bombardier beetle. Int. Journal of Design & Nature 4:13-21.

Berenbaum, M. 2011. Thomas Eisner: Interpreter extraordinaire of nature’s chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society 108: 482-483.

Bug guide. 2013. <URL: http://bugguide.net/node/view/186/tree/all>. Accessed 3 November 2013.

Campbell, N.A., J.B. Reece, L.A. Urry, M. L. Cain, P.T. Minorsky, S.A. Wasserman, and R.B. Jackson. 2008.  Biology 8th Edition.  Pearson, San Francisco, California,  USA.  

Eisner, T., T.H. Jones, D. J. Aneshansley, W.R. Tschinkel, R.E. Silberglied and J. Meinwald. 1977. Chemistry of defense secretions of bombardier beetles (Brachinini, Metriini, Ozaenini, Paussini). Journal of Insect Physiology 23: 1383-1386.

Eisner, T. and J. Meinwald. 1995. Chemical ecology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C, USA.

Meet Thomas Eisner, a beetle expert whose research made a lot of this site possible. Image published by Berenbaum (2011).

Eisner, T., D. J. Aneshansley, M. Eisner, A. B. Attygalle, D.W. Alsop and J. Meinwald. 2000. Spray mechanism of the most primitive bombardier beetle (Metrius contractus). The Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 1265-1275.

Eisner, T. and J. Dean. 1976. Ploy and counterploy in predator-prey interactions: orb-weaving spiders versus bombardier beetles.  Zoology 73:1365-1367.  

Erwin, T.L. 1967.  Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of North America part II: biology and behavior of Brachnius pallidus Erwin in California.  The Coleopterists Bulletin 21: 41-55.

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Learn that word. 2005. < URL: http://www.learnthat.org/pages/view/roots.html#i>. Accessed 23 November 2013.  

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National Wildlife Federation. 2013. <URL: www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Invertebrates/Bombardier-Beetles.aspx>. Accessed 2 November 2013.

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Schwarcz. 2010. <URL: http://www.chemicallyspeaking.com/archive/2010/08/15/the-chemical-defense-of-the-bombardier-beetle.aspx>. Accessed 2 November 2013.

Tree of life. 2009. <URL: http://tolweb.org/Metrius_contractus/1360>. Accessed 3 November 2013.

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UTEP. 2007. <URL: http://museum2.utep.edu/chih/theland/animals/invertebrates/insects/bombardier.htm>. Accessed 6 November 2013.

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