References

Adler, L.S. and R.E. Irwin. 2006. Comparison of pollen transfer dynamics by multiple floral visitors: experiments with pollen and fluorescent dye. Annals of Botany: 141-150.

Arrowhead Park 2013. <URL: http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/chenpe/ARROWHEAD/2013_08_18/>. Accessed 19 November 2013.

Barrows, E.M. 1983. Male territoriality in the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica virginica. Animal Behavior: 806-813.


Barthell, J.F, T.R. Reidenbaugh and J.L. Griffith. 2006. Persistent size and behavioral variation among males of the large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Southwestern Entomologist: 223-232.


BugGuide 2013. <URL: http://bugguide.net/node/view/3509/bgimage>. Accessed 10 November 2013.


BugGuide 2013. <URL: http://bugguide.net/node/view/475348>. Accessed 4 November 2013.


Encyclopedia of Life 2013. <URL: http://eol.org/pages/1045713/overview>. Accessed 4 November 2013.


Evans, J.D. and D. Gundersen-Rindal. 2003. Beenomes to Bombyx: future directions in applied insect genomics. Genome Biology: 107.


Flores-Prado, L, S.V. Flores and B.F. McAllister. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among tribes in Xylocopinae (Apidae) and implications on nest structure evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: 237-244.

General Entomology 2009.
<URL: http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/hymenoptera.html>. Accessed 15 November 2013.

Gerling, D. and H.R. Hermann. 1978. Biology and mating behavior of Xylocopa virginica L (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology: 99-111.


Grissell, E.E, M.T. Sanford and T.R. Fasulo. 2011. Large carpenter bees, Xylocopa spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae). The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences: 1-4.


Missouri department of conservation 2013. <URL: http://mdc.mo.gov/node/6670>. Accessed 20 October 2013.


North Carolina museum of natural sciences 2013. <URL: http://naturalsciences.org/prairie-ridge-ecostation/what-time-is-it-in-nature/archive/eastern-carpenter-bee>. Accessed 7 November 2013.

Penn State Entomology 2013. <URL: http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/carpenter-bees>. Accessed 2 November 2013.


Peso, M. and M.H. Richards. 2010. Knowing who’s who: nestmate recognition in the facultatively social carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. Animal Behavior: 563-570.


Prager, S.M. and J.M.L. Richardson. 2012. An ecological analysis of mating biology of Xylocopa virginica in southern Ontario. Ecological Entomology: 283-292.


Richards, M.H. 2011. Colony social organization and alternative social strategies in the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. Journal of Insect Behavior: 399-411.


Sampson, B.J, R.G. Danka and S.J. Stringer. 2004. Nectar robbery by bees Xylocopa virginica and Apis mellifera contributes to the pollination of rabbiteye blueberry. Journal of Economic Entomology: 735-740.


Skandalis, D.A, M.H. Richards, T.S. Sformo and G.J. Tattersall. 2011. Climate limitations on the distribution and phenology of a large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology: 785-795.

University of Arkansas Department of Entomology 2008. <URL: http://www.uark.edu/ua/arthmuse/carpbee.html>. Accessed 2 November 2013.




Continue to Gallery
Return to Home