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Alt, G. L. 1982. Reproductive biology of Pennsylvania's black bear. Pennsylvania Game News 53, 9-15.

Amstrup, S. C. and J. J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radio-collared black bears in Idaho.  Journal of Wildlife Management 40:340–348.

Ballard, W. B., S. D. Miller and J. S. Whitman, 1990. Brown and black bear predation on moose in south-central Alaska. Alces 26, 1–8.

Barnes Jr., V. B. 1989. The influence of salmon on availability of movements and range of brown bears on southwest Kodiak Island. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8, 305–313.

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Bridges, A. S, Vaughan, M. R, and Fox, J. A. 2011.  Reproductive Ecology of American Black Bears in the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia, USA.  Journal of Wildlife Management 75:1137-1144.

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Fecske, D. M., R. E. Barry, F. L. Precht, H. B. Quigley, S. L. Bittner and T. Webster. 2002. Habitat use by female black bears in western Maryland. Southeastern Naturalist 1:77–92.

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Garrison, E. P., J. W. McCown, M. A. Barrett and M. K. Oli. 2012. Denning ecology of Florida black bears in north-central Florida. Southeastern Naturalist 11(3):517-528.

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Goodrich, J. M. and J. Berger. 1994. Winter recreation and hibernating black bears Ursus americanus.  Biologoical Conservation 67:105-110.

Haroldson, M. A., M. A. Ternent, K. A. Gunther and C. C. Schwartz. 2002. Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Ursus 13, 29–37.

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Herrero, S. 1978. A comparison of some features of the evolution, ecology and behavior of black and grizzly/brown bears. Carnivore 1, 7–17.

Iaizzo, P. A., T. G. Laske, H. J. Harlow, C. B. McClay and D. L. Garshelis. 2012. Wound healing during hibernation by black bears (Ursus americanus) in the wild: elicitation of reduced scar formation. Integrative Zoology 7:48-60.

Kordek, W. S. and J. S. Lindzey. 1980. Preliminary analyses of female reproductive tracts from             Pennsylvania black bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4, 159-161.

Kovach, A. I. and R. A. Powell. 2003. Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1257-1268.

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Lyons, A. L., W. L. Gaines and C. Servheen. 2003. Black bear resource selection in the northeast             Cascades, Washington. Biological Conservation 113:55–62.

MacArthur, R. A., Johnston, R. H. and V. Geist. 1979. Factors influencing heart rate in free-ranging bighorn sheep: a physiological approach to the study of wildlife harassment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57, 2010-21.

Mahoney, S. P., J. A. Virgil and K. Mawhinney. 2001. Potential mechanisms of phenotypic divergence in body size between Newfoundland and mainland black bear populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1650-Meiri, S., T. Dayan and D. Simberloff. 2005. Variability and correlations in carnivore crania and dentition. Functional Ecology 19:337–343.

Miller, E. H., S. P. Mahoney, M. L. Kennedy and P. K. Kennedy. 2009. Variation, sexual dimorphism, and allometry in molar size of the black bear. Journal of Mammalogy 90(2):491-503.

Miller, S. D. 1990. Denning ecology of brown bears in south-central Alaska and comparisons with a sympatric black bear population. International Conference of Bear Research and Management 8, 279–287.

Moen, A. N. 1976. Energy conservation by white-tailed deer in the winter. Ecology 57, 192-8.

Novick, H. J., J. M. Siperek and G. R. Stewart. 1981. Denning characteristics of black bears, Ursus americanus, in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. California Fish Game 67, 52-61.

Noyce, K. V. and D. L. Garshelis. 1994. Body size and blood characteristics as indicators of condition and reproductive performance in black bears. Ursus americanus 9(1): 481–496.

Oftedal, O. T., G. L. Alt, E. M. Widdowson and M. R. Jakubasz. 1993. Nutrition and growth suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast. British Journal of Nutrition             70, 59-79.

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Pelton, M. R., A. B. Coley, T. H. Eason, D. L. Doan Martinez, J. A. Pederson, F. T. Van Manen and K. T. Weaver. 1999. American black bear conservation action plan. C. Servheen, Ed. Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, UK 144-156.

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Popowics, T. E. 2003. Postcanine dental form in the Mustelidae and Viverridae (Carnivora: Mammalia). Journal of Morphology 256:322–341.

Rogers, L. L., G. A. Wilker and A. W. Allen. 1988. Managing northern forests for black bears. T. W. Hoeckstra, Ed. Integrating forest management for wildlife and fish. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC122 36-42.

Ryan, C. W, and Vaugan, M. R.  2004.  Den characteristics of Black Bear in Southwestern Virginia.  Southeastern Naturalist 3:659-668.

Sadeghpour, M. H. and T. F. Ginnett. 2011. Habitat selection by female American black bears in             northern Wisconsin. International Association for Bear Research and Management 22(2):159-166.

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Schwartz, C. C., S. D. Miller and A. W. Franzmann. 1986. Denning ecology of three black bear   populations in Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7, 281–291.

Stewart, W. B. 1997. An investigation of black bear damage to forest stands in western Washington. M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman 120.

Stewart, W. B., G. W. Witmer, G. M. Koehler and M. Norton. 2002. Incisor analysis technique to predict the gender of black bears damaging trees. International Biodeterioration & Biodegredation 49:209-212.

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