This webpage wouldn’t be possible without valuable information from..

Apiaceae, 2001-2002. <URL: http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/pastinaca_sativa.htm>.   Accessed 06 April 2013.

Averill, K.M., DiTommaso, A. 2007. Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa): A Troublesome Species of Increasing Concern.  Weed Technology. Vol. 21 (1), 279-287.

Berenbaum, M.R., DeLucia, E.H., Nitao, J.K., Zangerl, A.R. 2003. Fathers, Fruits, and Photosynthesis: Pollen Donor Effects on Fruit Photosynthesis in Wild Parsnip. Ecology Letters. Vol. 6 (11), 966-970.

Berenbaum, M.R., Zangerl, A.R. 2005.  Increase in Toxicity of an Invasive Weed after         Reassociation with its Coevolved Herbivore.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 102 (43), 15529-15532.

Berenbaum, M.R., Zangerl, A.R. 2003. Phenotype Matching in Wild Parsnip and Parsnip Webworms: Causes and Consequences. Evolution. Vol. 57 (4), 806-815.

Chang, R., Jackson, A., Patel, S., Sorensen, P., Wu, Y. 2000. Introduction to the Apiales: Carrot-Kin. <URL: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/asterids/apiales.html>. Accessed 12 April 2013.

Encyclopedia of Life: Pastinaca sativa. 2012. <URL: http://eol.org/pages/581528/details>. Accessed 12 April 2013.

Renz, M.J. ND. Wild Parsnip Identification and Management. Controlling Biennials and Monocarpic Species: IPAW Invasive Plants of Grasslands Conference. <URL: http://weedwatchers.org/media/document_18.pdf>. Accessed 10 April 2013.

Robertson, J. ND. Pastinaca sativa, parsnip. <URL: http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atox/pastinaca_sativa.htm>. Accessed 06 April 2013.

Schaefer, K. 2007. Weed Watch: Wild Parsnip and the Poison Hemlock. Integrated Crop Management. <URL: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/7-9/poison.html>. Accessed 10 April 2013.

USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database <URL: http://plants.usda.gov>. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.

USDA Forest Service. 28, Aug. 2006. Weed of the Week: Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.), <URL: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants>.

.